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3rd Tipperary Brigade
The 3rd Tipperary Brigade was one of the most active of approximately 80 such units that constituted the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence. The Brigade was based in southern Tipperary and conducted its activities mainly in mid-Munster.
In December 1918 and January 1919, in a tin hut on a dairy farm in Greenane Tipperary, members of the brigade planned what was to be the first act of the Irish War of Independence, the Soloheadbeg Ambush. In the early part of the war, four members of the brigade were the most wanted and feared men in Ireland. The 'Big Four', as they were referred to in Ireland in 1919, were Seán Treacy, Dan Breen, Séamus Robinson and Seán Hogan. Raids, ambushes and ongoing military activities by the Brigade Battalions and Flying Columns made South Tipperary ungovernable in 1920 and 1921, with the RIC confined to what barracks remained occupied and the British army only venturing out in large convoys.
==Background==
The period between the Easter Rising of 1916 and the start of the Irish War of Independence in January 1919, was one of growing tensions between the nationalist element of the Irish population and those in authority, particularly the RIC and British authorities. These tensions were set against the backdrop of increased membership of nationalist volunteer organizations across the country and meetings and open drilling of volunteer companies coupled with the jailing of a large number of political prisoners, raids on houses of political activists by the RIC and incidents such as the death of hunger striker Thomas Ashe.〔The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood from The Land League to Sinn Féin, Owen McGee, Four Courts Press, 2005,〕 1918 saw the political stakes raised with the ''Military Service Bill'' coming into effect making conscription in Ireland legal and the proclamation issued banning nationalist organizations such as Sinn Féin, the Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and Cumann na mBan.The response to these measures was a significant upswing in anti British sentiment, emphasized by the overwhelming victory by Sinn Fein in the 1918 General Election and the anti-conscription rallies.〔Wikipedia page - 1918 in Ireland〕 While some in the nationalist movement were satisfied with political victories there was an element that argued that the only way Ireland would ever obtain freedom was through a military confrontation with the British and particularly those who served British interests in Ireland.
By 1917 in South Tipperary, the volunteers were being formed into companies with regular drilling and instructions on the use of firearms. Raids for arms were undertaken during 1917 and 1918 as the volunteer companies were arming themselves in the anticipation of future conflict.〔Aengus O Snodaigh (21 January 1999). "Gearing up for war: Soloheadbeg 1919". An Phoblacht.〕 Sean Treacy was the driving force behind a lot of this activity and he regularly visited the local companies often accompanied by Dan Breen. The visit of De Valera to Tipperary Town in August 1917 generated great interest and enthusiasm. Treacy was Eamon De Valera's body guard when he came to Tipperary in 1917 to speak at political rallies. Treacy was arrested a short time later and sentenced to 6 months jail.〔Ryan, Desmond (1945). Sean Treacy and the Third Tipperary Brigade I.R.A. Kerryman Limited.〕 The jails were full of activists who were arrested for drilling, singing banned nationalistic songs, parading in uniform etc and they became a school for revolutionaries with men from all over Ireland discussing the plight of their country and what needed to be done to progress their cause. In the 1918 General Election, Sinn Fein candidates were overwhelmingly returned in County Tipperary. The relationship between the RIC and the volunteers was increasingly hostile with clashes at political rallies or while the volunteers were drilling. Seamus Robinson, a veteran of the 1916 Easter Rising, arrived in Tipperary in 1917 at the request of Eamon Ui Dubhir who he had met while they were both imprisoned.〔Bureau of Military History - Witness Statement 1348 Michael Davern〕 Eamon Ui Dubhir and Maurice Crowe along with Treacy, Breen and Robinson were prominent in leading the activity of the volunteers in South Tipperary in 1917 and 1918.
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